Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes neurons in the area of the brain that controls movement, to weaken and die. Healthy neurons produce dopamine, which the brain needs in order to regulate movement, weakened neurons produce lower levels. The cause of this weakness is currently unknown.  Some patients with PD also…

The Benefits of Injection Guidance course will outline the importance of electromyography (EMG), and electrical stimulation (ESTIM), for guiding injections of chemodenervation agents, such as botulinum toxin, or neurolytic agents into muscles or in proximity to motor end plates or nerves to treat dystonia or spasticity, is based on both theoretical and preclinical data. It…